Quickstart¶
For the following examples, we’ll use a dataset from an ecommerce provider to analyze their customers’ repeat purchases. The examples below are using the cdnow_customers.csv located in the datasets/ directory.
from lifetimes.datasets import load_cdnow_summary
data = load_cdnow_summary(index_col=[0])
print(data.head())
"""
frequency recency T
ID
1 2 30.43 38.86
2 1 1.71 38.86
3 0 0.00 38.86
4 0 0.00 38.86
5 0 0.00 38.86
"""
The shape of your data¶
For all models, the following nomenclature is used:
frequencyrepresents the number of repeat purchases the customer has made. This means that it’s one less than the total number of purchases. This is actually slightly wrong. It’s the count of time periods the customer had a purchase in. So if using days as units, then it’s the count of days the customer had a purchase on.Trepresents the age of the customer in whatever time units chosen (weekly, in the above dataset). This is equal to the duration between a customer’s first purchase and the end of the period under study.recencyrepresents the age of the customer when they made their most recent purchases. This is equal to the duration between a customer’s first purchase and their latest purchase. (Thus if they have made only 1 purchase, the recency is 0.)monetary_valuerepresents the average value of a given customer’s purchases. This is equal to the sum of all a customer’s purchases divided by the total number of purchases. Note that the denominator here is different than thefrequencydescribed above.
If your data is not in the format (very common), there are utility functions in lifetimes to transform your data to look like this.
Basic Frequency/Recency analysis using the BG/NBD model¶
We’ll use the BG/NBD model first. There are other models which we will explore in these docs, but this is the simplest to start with.
from lifetimes import BetaGeoFitter
# similar API to scikit-learn and lifelines.
bgf = BetaGeoFitter(penalizer_coef=0.0)
bgf.fit(data['frequency'], data['recency'], data['T'])
print(bgf)
"""
<lifetimes.BetaGeoFitter: fitted with 2357 subjects, a: 0.79, alpha: 4.41, b: 2.43, r: 0.24>
"""
bgf.summary
"""
coef se(coef) lower 95% bound upper 95% bound
r 0.242593 0.012557 0.217981 0.267205
alpha 4.413532 0.378221 3.672218 5.154846
a 0.792886 0.185719 0.428877 1.156895
b 2.425752 0.705345 1.043276 3.808229
"""
After fitting, we have lots of nice methods and properties attached to the fitter object, like param_ and summary.
For small samples sizes, the parameters can get implausibly large, so by adding an l2 penalty the likelihood, we can control how large these parameters can be. This is implemented as setting as positive penalizer_coef in the initialization of the model. In typical applications, penalizers on the order of 0.001 to 0.1 are effective.
Visualizing our Frequency/Recency Matrix¶
Consider: a customer bought from you every day for three weeks straight, and we haven’t heard from them in months. What are the chances they are still “alive”? Pretty small. On the other hand, a customer who historically buys from you once a quarter, and bought last quarter, is likely still alive. We can visualize this relationship using the Frequency/Recency matrix, which computes the expected number of transactions an artificial customer is to make in the next time period, given his or her recency (age at last purchase) and frequency (the number of repeat transactions he or she has made).
from lifetimes.plotting import plot_frequency_recency_matrix
plot_frequency_recency_matrix(bgf)
fr_matrix
We can see that if a customer has bought 25 times from you, and their latest purchase was when they were 35 weeks old (given the individual is 35 weeks old), then they are your best customer (bottom-right). Your coldest customers are those that are in the top-right corner: they bought a lot quickly, and we haven’t seen them in weeks.
There’s also that beautiful “tail” around (5,25). That represents the customer who buys infrequently, but we’ve seen him or her recently, so they might buy again - we’re not sure if they are dead or just between purchases.
Another interesting matrix to look at is the probability of still being alive:
from lifetimes.plotting import plot_probability_alive_matrix
plot_probability_alive_matrix(bgf)
prob
Ranking customers from best to worst¶
Let’s return to our customers and rank them from “highest expected purchases in the next period” to lowest. Models expose a method that will predict a customer’s expected purchases in the next period using their history.
t = 1
data['predicted_purchases'] = bgf.conditional_expected_number_of_purchases_up_to_time(t, data['frequency'], data['recency'], data['T'])
data.sort_values(by='predicted_purchases').tail(5)
"""
frequency recency T predicted_purchases
ID
509 18 35.14 35.86 0.424877
841 19 34.00 34.14 0.474738
1981 17 28.43 28.86 0.486526
157 29 37.71 38.00 0.662396
1516 26 30.86 31.00 0.710623
"""
Great, we can see that the customer who has made 26 purchases, and bought very recently from us, is probably going to buy again in the next period.
Assessing model fit¶
Ok, we can predict and we can visualize our customers’ behaviour, but is our model correct? There are a few ways to assess the model’s correctness. The first is to compare your data versus artificial data simulated with your fitted model’s parameters.
from lifetimes.plotting import plot_period_transactions
plot_period_transactions(bgf)
model_fit_1
We can see that our actual data and our simulated data line up well. This proves that our model doesn’t suck.
Example using transactional datasets¶
Most often, the dataset you have at hand will be at the transaction level. Lifetimes has some utility functions to transform that transactional data (one row per purchase) into summary data (a frequency, recency and age dataset).
from lifetimes.datasets import load_transaction_data
from lifetimes.utils import summary_data_from_transaction_data
transaction_data = load_transaction_data()
print(transaction_data.head())
"""
date id
0 2014-03-08 00:00:00 0
1 2014-05-21 00:00:00 1
2 2014-03-14 00:00:00 2
3 2014-04-09 00:00:00 2
4 2014-05-21 00:00:00 2
"""
summary = summary_data_from_transaction_data(transaction_data, 'id', 'date', observation_period_end='2014-12-31')
print(summary.head())
"""
frequency recency T
id
0 0.0 0.0 298.0
1 0.0 0.0 224.0
2 6.0 142.0 292.0
3 0.0 0.0 147.0
4 2.0 9.0 183.0
"""
bgf.fit(summary['frequency'], summary['recency'], summary['T'])
# <lifetimes.BetaGeoFitter: fitted with 5000 subjects, a: 1.85, alpha: 1.86, b: 3.18, r: 0.16>
More model fitting¶
With transactional data, we can partition the dataset into a calibration period dataset and a holdout dataset. This is important as we want to test how our model performs on data not yet seen (think cross-validation in standard machine learning literature). Lifetimes has a function to partition our dataset like this:
from lifetimes.utils import calibration_and_holdout_data
summary_cal_holdout = calibration_and_holdout_data(transaction_data, 'id', 'date',
calibration_period_end='2014-09-01',
observation_period_end='2014-12-31' )
print(summary_cal_holdout.head())
"""
frequency_cal recency_cal T_cal frequency_holdout duration_holdout
id
0 0.0 0.0 177.0 0.0 121
1 0.0 0.0 103.0 0.0 121
2 6.0 142.0 171.0 0.0 121
3 0.0 0.0 26.0 0.0 121
4 2.0 9.0 62.0 0.0 121
"""
With this dataset, we can perform fitting on the _cal columns, and test on the _holdout columns:
from lifetimes.plotting import plot_calibration_purchases_vs_holdout_purchases
bgf.fit(summary_cal_holdout['frequency_cal'], summary_cal_holdout['recency_cal'], summary_cal_holdout['T_cal'])
plot_calibration_purchases_vs_holdout_purchases(bgf, summary_cal_holdout)
holdout
Customer Predictions¶
Based on customer history, we can predict what an individuals future purchases might look like:
t = 10 #predict purchases in 10 periods
individual = summary.iloc[20]
# The below function is an alias to `bfg.conditional_expected_number_of_purchases_up_to_time`
bgf.predict(t, individual['frequency'], individual['recency'], individual['T'])
# 0.0576511
Customer Probability Histories¶
Given a customer transaction history, we can calculate their historical probability of being alive, according to our trained model. For example:
from lifetimes.plotting import plot_history_alive
id = 35
days_since_birth = 200
sp_trans = transaction_data.loc[transaction_data['id'] == id]
plot_history_alive(bgf, days_since_birth, sp_trans, 'date')
history
Estimating customer lifetime value using the Gamma-Gamma model¶
For this whole time we didn’t take into account the economic value of each transaction and we focused mainly on transactions’ occurrences. To estimate this we can use the Gamma-Gamma submodel. But first we need to create summary data from transactional data also containing economic values for each transaction (i.e. profits or revenues).
from lifetimes.datasets import load_cdnow_summary_data_with_monetary_value
summary_with_money_value = load_cdnow_summary_data_with_monetary_value()
summary_with_money_value.head()
returning_customers_summary = summary_with_money_value[summary_with_money_value['frequency']>0]
print(returning_customers_summary.head())
"""
frequency recency T monetary_value
customer_id
1 2 30.43 38.86 22.35
2 1 1.71 38.86 11.77
6 7 29.43 38.86 73.74
7 1 5.00 38.86 11.77
9 2 35.71 38.86 25.55
"""
If computing the monetary value from your own data, note that it is the mean of a given customer’s value, not the sum.
monetary_value can be used to represent profit, or revenue, or any value as long as it is consistently calculated for each customer.
The Gamma-Gamma model and the independence assumption¶
The model we are going to use to estimate the CLV for our userbase is called the Gamma-Gamma submodel, which relies upon an important assumption. The Gamma-Gamma submodel, in fact, assumes that there is no relationship between the monetary value and the purchase frequency. In practice we need to check whether the Pearson correlation between the two vectors is close to 0 in order to use this model.
returning_customers_summary[['monetary_value', 'frequency']].corr()
"""
monetary_value frequency
monetary_value 1.000000 0.113884
frequency 0.113884 1.000000
"""
At this point we can train our Gamma-Gamma submodel and predict the conditional, expected average lifetime value of our customers.
from lifetimes import GammaGammaFitter
ggf = GammaGammaFitter(penalizer_coef = 0)
ggf.fit(returning_customers_summary['frequency'],
returning_customers_summary['monetary_value'])
print(ggf)
"""
<lifetimes.GammaGammaFitter: fitted with 946 subjects, p: 6.25, q: 3.74, v: 15.45>
"""
We can now estimate the average transaction value:
print(ggf.conditional_expected_average_profit(
summary_with_money_value['frequency'],
summary_with_money_value['monetary_value']
).head(10))
"""
customer_id
1 24.658619
2 18.911489
3 35.170981
4 35.170981
5 35.170981
6 71.462843
7 18.911489
8 35.170981
9 27.282408
10 35.170981
dtype: float64
"""
print("Expected conditional average profit: %s, Average profit: %s" % (
ggf.conditional_expected_average_profit(
summary_with_money_value['frequency'],
summary_with_money_value['monetary_value']
).mean(),
summary_with_money_value[summary_with_money_value['frequency']>0]['monetary_value'].mean()
))
"""
Expected conditional average profit: 35.2529588256, Average profit: 35.078551797
"""
While for computing the total CLV using the DCF method (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cash_flow) adjusting for cost of capital:
# refit the BG model to the summary_with_money_value dataset
bgf.fit(summary_with_money_value['frequency'], summary_with_money_value['recency'], summary_with_money_value['T'])
print(ggf.customer_lifetime_value(
bgf, #the model to use to predict the number of future transactions
summary_with_money_value['frequency'],
summary_with_money_value['recency'],
summary_with_money_value['T'],
summary_with_money_value['monetary_value'],
time=12, # months
discount_rate=0.01 # monthly discount rate ~ 12.7% annually
).head(10))
"""
customer_id
1 140.096211
2 18.943467
3 38.180574
4 38.180574
5 38.180574
6 1003.868107
7 28.109683
8 38.180574
9 167.418216
10 38.180574
Name: clv, dtype: float64
"""